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DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS IN CV PATIENTS

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CLINICAL PHARMACY OCCURRENCE OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS ABSTRACT Background: Drug-drug interaction is defined as the effect of one drug is altered in the presence of other drug. It may be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics. Cardiovascular diseases are the most occurring diseases in Pakistan and world-wide. As there is increase rate of death and a lot of drugs are prescribed to this group, there is increase chance of drug-drug interactions in these patients. These drug-drug interactions may be fatal and life-threatening to some patients especially elderly. Method & Result: The observational prospective study was carried out for 40 patients at community level. While evaluating their prescriptions it was found that 20 out of 40 patients (50%) have drug-drug interactions. 45% patient had heart disease because of family history. Those included 9 (45%) males and 11 females (55%). Males less in number had large number of drug-drug interacti...
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Pharmacognosy

Cloves Botanical: Eugenia caryophyllata Family:  Myrtaceae Part Used--- Undeveloped flowers. Constituents--- Volatile oil, gallotannic acid; two crystalline principles - Caryophyllin, which is odourless and appears to be a phylosterol, Eugenin; gum, resin, fibre. Medicinal Action and Uses---     stimulating and carminative of all aromatics     As a local irritant it stimulates peristalsis.    strong germicide, a powerful antiseptic    feeble local anaesthetic applied to decayed teeth   stimulating expectorant in phthisis and bronchial troubles Fennel Botanical: Foeniculum vulgare Family: Umbelliferae Parts Used--- Seeds, leaves, roots. Constituents--- 4 to 5 per cent of volatile oil (sp. gr. 0.960 to 0.930), the principal constituents of which are Anethol (50 to 60 per cent) and Fenchone (18 to 22 per cent). Anethol is also the chief constituent of Anise oil. d -pinene, phellandrine, anisic acid and anisic...
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GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF POISONING

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Definition:  Poisoning occurs when any substance interferes with normal body functions after it is swallowed, inhaled, injected or absorbed. Drug overdoses occur when pharmacologic preparations are taken in excess and lead to toxicity. PRE-HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT Suspect poisoning in the following conditions Unexplained loss of consciousness or altered sensorium Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, confusion or other unexpected signs Burns or redness around the mouth and lips, which can result from drinking certain poisons Breath that smells like chemicals, such as kerosene, insecticides or any unusual smell Burns, stains and odors on the person, or clothing or on the furniture, floor or other objects in the surrounding area Empty medication bottles or scattered pills When to call for help Call the local emergency medical service immediately if the person is: Drowsy or unconscious Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing  Having seizures...
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First aid

First aid  is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment. While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients. History The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries. Aims The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points:[5] Preserve life : the overriding aim of all medica...
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Emergency Trays

SOP 1: Emergency Tray  Every unit will have an emergency medical tray with purpose built portable trolley. Medical emergency tray will be kept in an accessible place & routinely monitored by staff nurse to ensure that all supplies are replaced & weekly checked by registrar monthly by hospital inspection team. All the equipment will be in working condition & emergency life saving drugs up-to- date. SOP 1.1: Emergency Tray Equipments for all units Following equipment will be present in the emergency tray in working condition at all times. Ambu bag at least two, checked for physical integrity once a week. Masks of different types & sizes Flash light with extra batteries Portable small size oxygen cylinders with proper gauge & masks Swabs, sponges, cotton & adhesive taps Gloves Stethoscope, blood pressure set of good quality Laryngoscope Disposable oral airways of various sizes Scissors Glucometer with strips(2) Catheters & naso-g...
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EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Emergency management is the generic name of an interdisciplinary field dealing with the strategic organizational management processes used to protect critical assets of an organization from hazard risks that can cause events like disasters or catastrophes and to ensure the continuance of the organization within their planned lifetime. Emergency medical services Emergency Medical Services (abbreviated to the initialism EMS in some countries) are a type of emergency service dedicated to providing out-of-hospital acute medical care, transport to definitive care, and other medical transport to patients with illnesses and injuries which prevent the patient from transporting themselves. Emergency medical services may also be locally known as a first aid squad, emergency squad, rescue squad, ambulance, squad ambulance service, ambulance corps, or life squad. Principles of Emergency Management Emergency management must be:   Comprehensive – emergency managers consider and ta...
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MANAGEMENT OF SNAKE BITES (DHQ Hospital in Pakistan)

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Note : Anaphylactic shock caused by ASV is treated by Adrenaline INDICATIONS OF SYSTEMIC ENVENOMING ·          Hypotension ·          ECG abnormalities ·          Hemostatic reactions ·          Marked local swelling that extend beyond wrist or ankle within 4 hours.
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Packaging Materials Specification at the Hospital (according DHQ Hospital in Pakistan)

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INTRODUCTION: A container closure or packaging system refers to the sum of packaging components that together contain and protect the dosage form. The suitability of a container closure system for a particular pharmaceutical product is proven by full shelf life stability studies. Packaging materials must comply with the requirements of official books, law, market needs, finance available and customer needs. Selection of immediate containers in an important issue and its compatibility with the product is checked and evaluated. Other packaging components are selected according to the parameters as mentioned above. DETERMINATION OF PACKAGING MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS: Purpose:                                                   ...
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